Mein Kampf (German: maɪn ˈkampf; My Struggle or My Fight) is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926. Adolf Hitler - Mein Kampf uncut/German. Download with Google Download with Facebook or download with email. Adolf Hitler - Mein Kampf uncut/German. Adolf Hitler - Mein Kampf uncut/German.

Mein Kampf (German: [maɪn ˈkampf]; My Struggle or My Fight) is a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926.^[1] The book was edited firstly by Emil Maurice, then by Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess.^[2][3]

Hitler began Mein Kampf while imprisoned for what he considered to be 'political crimes' following his failed Putsch in Munich in November 1923. Although Hitler received many visitors initially, he soon devoted himself entirely to the book. As he continued, Hitler realized that it would have to be a two-volume work, with the first volume scheduled for release in early 1925. The governor of Landsberg noted at the time that 'he [Hitler] hopes the book will run into many editions, thus enabling him to fulfill his financial obligations and to defray the expenses incurred at the time of his trial.'^[4][5] After slow initial sales, the book was a bestseller in Germany after Hitler's rise to power in 1933.^[6]

After Hitler's death, copyright of Mein Kampf passed to the state government of Bavaria, which refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. In 2016, following the expiration of the copyright held by the Bavarian state government, Mein Kampf was republished in Germany for the first time since 1945, which prompted public debate and divided reactions from Jewish groups.

• 3Analysis
• 9Current availability
• 14Further reading
• 15External links
  • 15.1Online versions of Mein Kampf

Title[edit]

Hitler originally wanted to call his forthcoming book Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit, or Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice.^[7]Max Amann, head of the Franz Eher Verlag and Hitler's publisher, is said to have suggested^[8] the much shorter 'Mein Kampf' or 'My Struggle'.

Contents[edit]

The arrangement of chapters is as follows:

• Volume One: A Reckoning
  • Chapter 1: In the House of My Parents
  • Chapter 2: Years of Study and Suffering in Vienna
  • Chapter 3: General Political Considerations Based on My Vienna Period
  • Chapter 4: Munich
  • Chapter 5: The World War
  • Chapter 6: War Propaganda
  • Chapter 7: The Revolution
  • Chapter 8: The Beginning of My Political Activity
  • Chapter 9: The 'German Workers' Party'
  • Chapter 10: Causes of the Collapse
  • Chapter 11: Nation and Race
  • Chapter 12: The First Period of Development of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
• Volume Two: The National Socialist Movement
  • Chapter 1: Philosophy and Party
  • Chapter 2: The State
  • Chapter 3: Subjects and Citizens
  • Chapter 4: Personality and the Conception of the Völkisch State
  • Chapter 5: Philosophy and Organization
  • Chapter 6: The Struggle of the Early Period – the Significance of the Spoken Word
  • Chapter 7: The Struggle with the Red Front
  • Chapter 8: The Strong Man Is Mightiest Alone
  • Chapter 9: Basic Ideas Regarding the Meaning and Organization of the Sturmabteilung
  • Chapter 10: Federalism as a Mask
  • Chapter 11: Propaganda and Organization
  • Chapter 12: The Trade-Union Question
  • Chapter 13: German Alliance Policy After the War
  • Chapter 14: Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy
  • Chapter 15: The Right of Emergency Defense
• Conclusion
• Index

Analysis[edit]

In Mein Kampf, Hitler used the main thesis of 'the Jewish peril', which posits a Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership.^[9] The narrative describes the process by which he became increasingly antisemitic and militaristic, especially during his years in Vienna. He speaks of not having met a Jew until he arrived in Vienna, and that at first his attitude was liberal and tolerant. When he first encountered the antisemitic press, he says, he dismissed it as unworthy of serious consideration. Later he accepted the same antisemitic views, which became crucial to his program of national reconstruction of Germany.

Mein Kampf has also been studied as a work on political theory. For example, Hitler announces his hatred of what he believed to be the world's two evils: Communism and Judaism.

In the book Hitler blamed Germany's chief woes on the parliament of the Weimar Republic, the Jews, and Social Democrats, as well as Marxists, though he believed that Marxists, Social Democrats, and the parliament were all working for Jewish interests.^[10] He announced that he wanted to completely destroy the parliamentary system, believing it to be corrupt in principle, as those who reach power are inherent opportunists.

Antisemitism[edit]

While historians dispute the exact date Hitler decided to exterminate the Jewish people, few place the decision before the mid-1930s.^[11] First published in 1925, Mein Kampf shows Hitler's personal grievances and his ambitions for creating a New Order.

The historian Ian Kershaw points out that several passages in Mein Kampf are undeniably of a genocidal nature.^[12] Hitler wrote 'the nationalization of our masses will succeed only when, aside from all the positive struggle for the soul of our people, their international poisoners are exterminated',^[13] and he suggested that, 'If at the beginning of the war and during the war twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the nation had been subjected to poison gas, such as had to be endured in the field by hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers of all classes and professions, then the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain.'^[14]

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The racial laws to which Hitler referred resonate directly with his ideas in Mein Kampf. In the first edition of Mein Kampf, Hitler stated that the destruction of the weak and sick is far more humane than their protection. Apart from this allusion to humane treatment, Hitler saw a purpose in destroying 'the weak' in order to provide the proper space and purity for the 'strong'.^[15]

Lebensraum ('living space')[edit]

In the chapter 'Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy', Hitler argued that the Germans needed Lebensraum in the East, a 'historic destiny' that would properly nurture the German people.^[16] Hitler believed that 'the organization of a Russian state formation was not the result of the political abilities of the Slavs in Russia, but only a wonderful example of the state-forming efficacity of the German element in an inferior race.'^[17]

In Mein Kampf Hitler openly stated the future German expansion in the East, foreshadowing Generalplan Ost:

And so we National Socialists consciously draw a line beneath the foreign policy tendency of our pre-War period. We take up where we broke off six hundred years ago. We stop the endless German movement to the south and west, and turn our gaze toward the land in the east. At long last we break off the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-War period and shift to the soil policy of the future.

If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia and her vassal border states.^[18]

Popularity[edit]

Although Hitler originally wrote Mein Kampf mostly for the followers of National Socialism, it grew in popularity after he rose to power. (Two other books written by party members, Gottfried Feder's Breaking The Interest Slavery and Alfred Rosenberg's The Myth of the Twentieth Century, have since lapsed into comparative literary obscurity.)^[19] Hitler had made about 1.2 million Reichsmarks from the income of the book by 1933 (equivalent to €4,714,299 in 2009), when the average annual income of a teacher was about 4,800 Marks (equivalent to €18,857 in 2009).^[19][20] He accumulated a tax debt of 405,500 Reichsmark (very roughly in 2015 1.1 million GBP, 1.4 million EUR, 1.5 million USD) from the sale of about 240,000 copies before he became chancellor in 1933 (at which time his debt was waived).^[19][20]

Hitler began to distance himself from the book after becoming chancellor of Germany in 1933. He dismissed it as 'fantasies behind bars' that were little more than a series of articles for the Völkischer Beobachter, and later told Hans Frank that 'If I had had any idea in 1924 that I would have become Reich chancellor, I never would have written the book.'^[21] Nevertheless, Mein Kampf was a bestseller in Germany during the 1930s.^[22] During Hitler's years in power, the book was in high demand in libraries and often reviewed and quoted in other publications. It was given free to every newlywed couple and every soldier fighting at the front.^[19] By 1939 it had sold 5.2 million copies in eleven languages.^[23] By the end of the war, about 10 million copies of the book had been sold or distributed in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Contemporary observations[edit]

Mein Kampf, in essence, lays out the ideological program Hitler established for the German revolution, by identifying the Jews and 'Bolsheviks' as racially and ideologically inferior and threatening, and 'Aryans' and National Socialists as racially superior and politically progressive. Hitler's revolutionary goals included expulsion of the Jews from Greater Germany and the unification of German peoples into one Greater Germany. Hitler desired to restore German lands to their greatest historical extent, real or imagined.

Due to its racist content and the historical effect of Nazism upon Europe during World War II and the Holocaust, it is considered a highly controversial book. Criticism has not come solely from opponents of Nazism. Italian Fascist dictator and Nazi ally Benito Mussolini was also critical of the book, saying that it was 'a boring tome that I have never been able to read' and remarking that Hitler's beliefs, as expressed in the book, were 'little more than commonplace clichés'.^[24]

The German journalist Konrad Heiden, an early critic of the Nazi Party, observed that the content of Mein Kampf is essentially a political argument with other members of the Nazi Party who had appeared to be Hitler's friends, but whom he was actually denouncing in the book's content – sometimes by not even including references to them.^{[citation needed]}

The American literary theorist and philosopher Kenneth Burke wrote a 1939 rhetorical analysis of the work, The Rhetoric of Hitler's 'Battle', which revealed an underlying message of aggressive intent.^[25]

The American journalist John Gunther said in 1940 that compared to the autobiographies such as Leon Trotsky's My Life or Henry Adams's The Education of Henry Adams, Mein Kampf was 'vapid, vain, rhetorical, diffuse, prolix.' However, he added that 'it is a powerful and moving book, the product of great passionate feeling'. He suggested that the book exhausted curious German readers, but its 'ceaseless repetition of the argument, left impregnably in their minds, fecund and germinating'.^[26]

In March 1940, British writer George Orwell reviewed a then-recently published uncensored translation of Mein Kampf for The New English Weekly. Orwell suggested that the force of Hitler's personality shone through the often 'clumsy' writing, capturing the magnetic allure of Hitler for many Germans. In essence, Orwell notes, Hitler offers only visions of endless struggle and conflict in the creation of 'a horrible brainless empire' that 'stretch[es] to Afghanistan or thereabouts'. He wrote, 'Whereas Socialism, and even capitalism in a more grudging way, have said to people 'I offer you a good time,' Hitler has said to them, 'I offer you struggle, danger, and death,' and as a result a whole nation flings itself at his feet.' Orwell's review was written in the aftermath of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, when Hitler made peace with USSR after more than a decade of vitriolic rhetoric and threats between the two nations; with the pact in place, Orwell believed, England was now facing a risk of Nazi attack and the UK must not underestimate the appeal of Hitler's ideas.^[27]

In his 1943 book The Menace of the Herd, Austrian scholar Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn^[28] described Hitler's ideas in Mein Kampf and elsewhere as 'a veritable reductio ad absurdum of 'progressive' thought'^[29] and betraying 'a curious lack of original thought' that shows Hitler offered no innovative or original ideas but was merely 'a virtuoso of commonplaces which he may or may not repeat in the guise of a 'new discovery.'^[30] Hitler's stated aim, Kuehnelt-Leddihn writes, is to quash individualism in furtherance of political goals:

When Hitler and Mussolini attack the 'western democracies' they insinuate that their 'democracy' is not genuine. National Socialism envisages abolishing the difference in wealth, education, intellect, taste, philosophy, and habits by a leveling process which necessitates in turn a total control over the child and the adolescent. Every personal attitude will be branded—after communist pattern—as 'bourgeois,' and this in spite of the fact that the bourgeois is the representative of the most herdist class in the world, and that National Socialism is a basically bourgeois movement.

Hitler in Mein Kampf repeatedly speaks of the 'masses' and the 'herd' referring to the people. The German people should probably, in his view, remain a mass of identical 'individuals' in an enormous sand heap or ant heap, identical even to the color of their shirts, the garment nearest to the body.^[31]

In his The Second World War, published in several volumes in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Winston Churchill wrote that he felt that after Hitler's ascension to power, no other book than Mein Kampf deserved more intensive scrutiny.^[32]

Later analysis[edit]

The critic George Steiner has suggested that Mein Kampf can be seen as one of several books that resulted from the crisis of German culture following Germany's defeat in World War I, comparable in this respect to the philosopher Ernst Bloch's The Spirit of Utopia (1918), the historian Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West (1918), the theologian Franz Rosenzweig's The Star of Redemption (1921), and the theologian Karl Barth's The Epistle to the Romans (1922).^[33]

German publication history[edit]

While Hitler was in power (1933–1945), Mein Kampf came to be available in three common editions. The first, the Volksausgabe or People's Edition, featured the original cover on the dust jacket and was navy blue underneath with a gold swastika eagle embossed on the cover. The Hochzeitsausgabe, or Wedding Edition, in a slipcase with the seal of the province embossed in gold onto a parchment-like cover was given free to marrying couples. In 1940, the Tornister-Ausgabe, or Knapsack Edition, was released. This edition was a compact, but unabridged, version in a red cover and was released by the post office, available to be sent to loved ones fighting at the front. These three editions combined both volumes into the same book.

A special edition was published in 1939 in honour of Hitler's 50th birthday. This edition was known as the Jubiläumsausgabe, or Anniversary Issue. It came in both dark blue and bright red boards with a gold sword on the cover. This work contained both volumes one and two. It was considered a deluxe version, relative to the smaller and more common Volksausgabe.

The book could also be purchased as a two-volume set during Hitler's rule, and was available in soft cover and hardcover. The soft cover edition contained the original cover (as pictured at the top of this article). The hardcover edition had a leather spine with cloth-covered boards. The cover and spine contained an image of three brown oak leaves.

English translations[edit]

Current availability[edit]

At the time of his suicide, Hitler's official place of residence was in Munich, which led to his entire estate, including all rights to Mein Kampf, changing to the ownership of the state of Bavaria. The government of Bavaria, in agreement with the federal government of Germany, refused to allow any copying or printing of the book in Germany. It also opposed copying and printing in other countries, but with less success. As per German copyright law, the entire text entered the public domain on 1 January 2016, 70 years after the author's death.^[34]

Owning and buying the book in Germany is not an offence. Trading in old copies is lawful as well, unless it is done in such a fashion as to 'promote hatred or war.' In particular, the unmodified edition is not covered by §86 StGB that forbids dissemination of means of propaganda of unconstitutional organisations, since it is a 'pre-constitutional work' and as such cannot be opposed to the free and democratic basic order, according to a 1979 decision of the Federal Court of Justice of Germany.^[35] Most German libraries carry heavily commented and excerpted versions of Mein Kampf. In 2008, Stephan Kramer, secretary-general of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, not only recommended lifting the ban, but volunteered the help of his organization in editing and annotating the text, saying that it is time for the book to be made available to all online.^[36]

A variety of restrictions or special circumstances apply in other countries.

France[edit]

In 1934, the French government unofficially sponsored the publication of an unauthorized translation. It was meant as a warning and included a critical introduction by Marshal Lyautey ('Every Frenchman must read this book'). It was published by far-right publisher Fernand Sorlot in an agreement with the activists of LICRA who bought 5000 copies to be offered to 'influencial people'; however, most of them treated the book as a casual gift and did not read it.^[37] The Nazi regime unsuccessfully tried to have it forbidden. Hitler, as the author, and Eher-Verlag, his German publisher, had to sue for copyright infringement in the Commercial Court of France. Hitler's lawsuit succeeded in having all copies seized, the print broken up, and having an injunction against booksellers offering any copies. However, a large quantity of books had already been shipped and stayed available undercover by Sorlot.^[38]

In 1938, Hitler licensed for France an authorised edition by Fayard, translated by François Dauture and Georges Blond, lacking the threatening tone against France of the original. The French edition was 347 pages long, while the original title was 687 pages, and it was titled Ma doctrine ('My doctrine').^[39]

After the war, Fernand Sorlot re-edited, re-issued, and continue to sell the work, without permission from the state of Bavaria on which the author's rights had defaulted.

In the 1970s, the rise of the extreme right in France along with the growing of Holocaust denial works, placed the Mein Kampf under judicial watch and in 1978, LICRA entered a complaint in the courts against the publisher for inciting antisemitism. Sorlot received a 'substantial fine' but the court also granted him the right to continue publishing the work, provided certain warnings and qualifiers accompany the text.^[38]

On 1 January 2016, seventy years after the author's death, Mein Kampf entered the public domain in France.^[38]

A new edition was published in 2017 by Fayard, now part of the Groupe Hachette, with a critical introduction, just as the edition published in 2018 in Germany by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, the Institute of Contemporary History based in Munich.^[38]

India[edit]

Since its first publication in India in 1928, Mein Kampf has gone through hundreds of editions and sold over 100,000 copies.^[40][41]

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands the sale of Mein Kampf had been forbidden since World War II.^[42][43] In September 2018, however, Dutch publisher Prometheus officially released an academic edition of the 2016 German translation with comprehensive introductions and annotations by Dutch historians.^[44] It marks the first time the book is widely available to the general public in the Netherlands since World War II.

Russia[edit]

Mein Kampf English Edition

In the Russian Federation, Mein Kampf has been published at least three times since 1992; the Russian text is also available on websites. In 2006 the Public Chamber of Russia proposed banning the book. In 2009 St. Petersburg's branch of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs requested to remove an annotated and hyper-linked Russian translation of the book from a historiography website.^[45][46][47] On 13 April 2010, it was announced that Mein Kampf is outlawed on grounds of extremism promotion.^[48]

Sweden[edit]

Mein Kampf has been reprinted several times since 1945; in 1970, 1992, 2002 and 2010. In 1992 the Government of Bavaria tried to stop the publication of the book, and the case went to the Supreme Court of Sweden which ruled in favour of the publisher, stating that the book is protected by copyright, but that the copyright holder is unidentified (and not the State of Bavaria) and that the original Swedish publisher from 1934 had gone out of business. It therefore refused the Government of Bavaria's claim.^[49]The only translation changes came in the 1970 edition, but they were only linguistic, based on a new Swedish standard.^{[citation needed]}

Turkey[edit]

Mein Kampf was widely available and growing in popularity in Turkey, even to the point where it became a bestseller, selling up to 100,000 copies in just two months in 2005. Analysts and commentators believe the popularity of the book to be related to a rise in nationalism and anti-U.S. sentiment. A columnist in Shalom stated this was a result of 'what is happening in the Middle East, the Israeli-Palestinian problem and the war in Iraq.'^[50] Doğu Ergil, a political scientist at Ankara University, said both far-right ultranationalists and extremist Islamists had found common ground - 'not on a common agenda for the future, but on their anxieties, fears and hate'.^[51]

United States[edit]

In the United States, Mein Kampf can be found at many community libraries and can be bought, sold and traded in bookshops.^[52] The U.S. government seized the copyright in September 1942^[53] during the Second World War under the Trading with the Enemy Act and in 1979, Houghton Mifflin, the U.S. publisher of the book, bought the rights from the government pursuant to 28 C.F.R.0.47. More than 15,000 copies are sold a year.^[52] In 2016, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt reported that it was having difficulty finding a charity that would accept profits from the sales of its version of Mein Kampf, which it had promised to donate.^[54]

Online availability[edit]

In 1999, the Simon Wiesenthal Center documented that major Internet booksellers such as Amazon and Barnes & Noble sell Mein Kampf to Germany. After a public outcry, both companies agreed to stop those sales to addresses in Germany.^[55] The book is currently available through both companies online.^[56][57] It is also available in various languages, including German, at the Internet Archive.^[58] The Murphy translation of the book is freely available on Project Gutenberg Australia.^[59] Since the January 2016 republication of the book in Germany, the book can be ordered at Amazon's German website.^[60]

2016 republication in Germany[edit]

On 3 February 2010, the Institute of Contemporary History (IfZ) in Munich announced plans to republish an annotated version of the text, for educational purposes in schools and universities, in 2015. The book had last been published in Germany in 1945.^[61] The IfZ argued that a republication was necessary to get an authoritative annotated edition by the time the copyright ran out, which might open the way for neo-Nazi groups to publish their own versions.^[62] The Bavarian Finance Ministry opposed the plan, citing respect for victims of the Holocaust. It stated that permits for reprints would not be issued, at home or abroad. This would also apply to a new annotated edition. There was disagreement about the issue of whether the republished book might be banned as Nazi propaganda. The Bavarian government emphasized that even after expiration of the copyright, 'the dissemination of Nazi ideologies will remain prohibited in Germany and is punishable under the penal code'.^[63] However, the Bavarian Science Minister Wolfgang Heubisch supported a critical edition, stating in 2010 that, 'Once Bavaria's copyright expires, there is the danger of charlatans and neo-Nazis appropriating this infamous book for themselves'.^[62]

On 12 December 2013 the Bavarian government cancelled its financial support for an annotated edition. IfZ, which was preparing the translation, announced that it intended to proceed with publication after the copyright expired.^[64] The IfZ scheduled an edition of Mein Kampf for release in 2016.^[65][66]

Richard Verber, vice-president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, stated in 2015 that the board trusted the academic and educational value of republishing. “We would, of course, be very wary of any attempt to glorify Hitler or to belittle the Holocaust in any way,” Verber declared to The Observer. “But this is not that. I do understand how some Jewish groups could be upset and nervous, but it seems it is being done from a historical point of view and to put it in context.”^[67]

An annotated edition of Mein Kampf was published in Germany in January 2016 and sold out within hours on Amazon's German site.^[60] The book's publication led to public debate in Germany, and divided reactions from Jewish groups, with some supporting, and others opposing, the decision to publish.^[22] German officials had previously said they would limit public access to the text amid fears that its republication could stir neo-Nazi sentiment.^[68] Some bookstores stated that they would not stock the book. Dussmann, a Berlin bookstore, stated that one copy was available on the shelves in the history section, but that it would not be advertised and more copies would be available only on order.^[69] By January 2017, the German annotated edition had sold over 85,000 copies.^[70]

Sequel[edit]

After the party's poor showing in the 1928 elections, Hitler believed that the reason for his loss was the public's misunderstanding of his ideas. He then retired to Munich to dictate a sequel to Mein Kampf to expand on its ideas, with more focus on foreign policy.

Only two copies of the 200-page manuscript were originally made, and only one of these was ever made public. The document was neither edited nor published during the Nazi era and remains known as Zweites Buch, or 'Second Book'. To keep the document strictly secret, in 1935 Hitler ordered that it be placed in a safe in an air raid shelter. It remained there until being discovered by an American officer in 1945.

The authenticity of the document found in 1945 has been verified by Josef Berg, a former employee of the Nazi publishing house Eher Verlag, and Telford Taylor, a former brigadier general of the United States Army Reserve and Chief Counsel at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials.

In 1958, the Zweites Buch was found in the archives of the United States by American historian Gerhard Weinberg. Unable to find an American publisher, Weinberg turned to his mentor – Hans Rothfels at the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich, and his associate Martin Broszat – who published Zweites Buch in 1961. A pirated edition was published in English in New York in 1962. The first authoritative English edition was not published until 2003 (Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf,ISBN1-929631-16-2).

See also[edit]

• Berlin Without Jews, a dystopian satirical novel about German antisemitism, published in the same year as Mein Kampf
• Generalplan Ost, Hitler's 'new order of ethnographical relations'
• Gustave Le Bon, a main influence of this book and crowd psychology

Mein Kampf Pdf Romana

References[edit]

1. ^Mein Kampf('My Fight'), Adolf Hitler (originally 1925–1926), Reissue edition (15 September 1998), Publisher: Mariner Books, Language: English, paperback, 720 pages, ISBN978-1495333347
2. ^Shirer 1960, p. 85.
3. ^Robert G.L. Waite, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler, Basic Books, 1977, pp.237–243
4. ^Heinz, Heinz (1934). Germany's Hitler. Hurst & Blackett. p. 191.
5. ^Payne, Robert (1973). The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. Popular Library. p. 203.
6. ^Shirer 1960, pp. 80–81.
7. ^Bullock 1999, p. 121.
8. ^Richard Cohen.'Guess Who's on the Backlist'. The New York Times. 28 June 1998. Retrieved on 24 April 2008.
9. ^Mein Kampf – The Text, its Themes and Hitler's Vision, History Today
10. ^'Mein Kampf'. Internet Archive.
11. ^Browning, Christopher R. (2003). Initiating the Final Solution: The Fateful Months of September–October 1941. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. p. 12. OCLC53343660.
12. ^Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936 Hubris (1999), p.258
13. ^Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Volume One - A Reckoning, Chapter XII: The First Period of Development of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
14. ^Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Volume Two - A Reckoning, Chapter XV: The Right of Emergency Defense, p. 984, quoted in Yahlil, Leni (1991). '2. Hitler Implements Twentieth-Century Anti-Semitism'. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN978-0-19-504523-9. OCLC20169748. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
15. ^A. Hitler. Mein Kampf (Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger, 1930), pg 478
16. ^'Hitler's expansionist aims > Professor Sir Ian Kershaw > WW2History.com'. ww2history.com.
17. ^Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Eastern Orientation or Eastern policy
18. ^Joachim C. Fest (1 February 2013). Hitler. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 216. ISBN0-544-19554-X.
19. ^ ^abcdMythos Ladenhüter Spiegel Online
20. ^ ^abHitler dodged taxes, expert finds BBC News
21. ^Timothy W. Ryback (6 July 2010). Hitler's Private Library: The Books that Shaped his Life. Random House. pp. 92–93. ISBN978-1-4090-7578-3.
22. ^ ^ab'High demand for reprint of Hitler's Mein Kampf takes publisher by surprise'. The Guardian. 8 January 2016.
23. ^Mein Kampf work by Hitler. Encyclopædia Britannica. Last updated 19 February 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373362/Mein-Kampf
24. ^Smith, Denis Mack. 1983. Mussolini: A Biography. New York: Vintage Books. p. 172 / London: Paladin, p. 200
25. ^Uregina.caArchived 25 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine
26. ^Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 31.
27. ^Orwell, George. 'Mein Kampf' review, reprinted in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, Vol 2., Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, eds., Harourt Brace Jovanovich 1968
28. ^Francis Stuart Campbell, pen name of Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (1943), Menace of the Herd, or, Procrustes at Large, Milwaukee, WI: The Bruce Publishing Company
29. ^Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 159
30. ^Kuehnelt-Leddihn, p. 201
31. ^Kuehnelt-Leddihn, pp. 202–203
32. ^Winston Churchill: The Second World War. Volume 1, Houghton Mifflin Books 1986, S. 50. 'Here was the new Koran of faith and war: turgid, verbose, shapeless, but pregnant with its message.'
33. ^Steiner, George (1991). Martin Heidegger. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. vii–viii. ISBN0-226-77232-2.
34. ^§ 64 Allgemeines, German Copyright Law. The copyright has been relinquished for the Dutch and Swedish editions and some English ones (though not in the U.S., see below).
35. ^Judgement of 25 July 1979 – 3 StR 182/79 (S); BGHSt 29, 73 ff.
36. ^'Jewish Leader Urges Book Ban End', Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, July/August 2008.
37. ^Bleustein-Blanchet, Marcel (1990). Les mots de ma vie [The words of my life] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont. p. 271. ISBN2221067959..
38. ^ ^abcdBraganca, Manu (10 June 2016). 'La curieuse histoire de Mein Kampf en version française' [The curious history of Mein Kampf in the french version]. Le Point (in French). Retrieved 4 June 2019.
39. ^Barnes, James J.; Barnes, Patience P. (September 2008). Hitler's Mein Kampf in Britain and America: A Publishing History 1930–39. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 271. ISBN9780521072670..
40. ^'Archiv – 33/2013 – Dschungel – Über die Wahrnehmung von Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus in Indien'. Jungle-world.com.
41. ^'Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' on India's best sellers list'. RT.com.
42. ^'Shop owner cleared of spreading hatred for selling Mein Kampf - DutchNews.nl'. 14 February 2017.
43. ^'metronieuws.nl cookie consent'. tmgonlinemedia.nl.
44. ^'De wetenschappelijke editie van Mein Kampf - Uitgeverij Prometheus'. Uitgeverij Prometheus (in Dutch). 23 August 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
45. ^A well-known historiography web site shut down over publishing Hitler's book, Newsru.com, 8 July 2009.
46. ^'Моя борьба'. 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
47. ^Adolf Hitler, annotated and hyper-linked ed. by Vyacheslav Rumyantsev, archived from the original 12 February 2008; an abridged version remained intact.
48. ^'Radio Netherlands Worldwide'. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
49. ^'Hägglunds förlag'. Hagglundsforlag.se. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.
50. ^Smith, Helena (29 March 2005). 'Mein Kampf sales soar in Turkey'. The Guardian. London.
51. ^'Hitler book bestseller in Turkey'. BBC News. 18 March 2005.
52. ^ ^abPascal, Julia (25 June 2001). 'Unbanning Hitler'. New Statesman.
53. ^'The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search'.
54. ^Boston publisher grapples with 'Mein Kampf' profits Boston Globe Retrieved 3 May 2016.
55. ^BEYETTE, BEVERLY (5 January 2000). 'Is hate for sale?'. LA Times.
56. ^'Mein Kampf: Adolf Hitler, Ralph Manheim: 9780395925034: Amazon.com: Books'. amazon.com.
57. ^'Mein Kampf'. Barnes & Noble. 21 October 2010.
58. ^'Internet Archive Search: MEIN KAMPF'. archive.org.
59. ^'Mein Kampf - Project Gutenberg Australia'.
60. ^ ^abEddy, Melissa (8 January 2016). ''Mein Kampf,' Hitler's Manifesto, Returns to German Shelves'. The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
61. ^''Mein Kampf' to see its first post-WWII publication in Germany'. The Independent. London. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010.
62. ^ ^abJuergen Baetz (5 February 2010). 'Historians Hope to Publish 'Mein Kampf' in Germany'. The Seattle Times.
63. ^Kulish, Nicholas (4 February 2010). 'Rebuffing Scholars, Germany Vows to Keep Hitler Out of Print'. The New York Times.
64. ^'Bavaria abandons plans for new edition of Mein Kampf'. BBC News. 12 December 2013.
65. ^Logwin, Pierre (20 February 2015). ''Anti-Hitler' Mein Kampf? Germany to republish Nazi leader's manifesto after 70 years'. rt.com. Reuters. Retrieved 26 March 2015. .. scholars have heavily annotated the 2016 edition, turning the Nazi leader's infamous manifesto into an 'anti-Hitler' text.
66. ^Alison Smale (1 December 2015). 'Scholars Unveil New Edition of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf''. The New York Times.
67. ^Vanessa Thorpe. 'British Jews give wary approval to the return of Hitler's Mein Kampf'. The Guardian.
68. ^'Copyright of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf expires'. BBC News.
69. ^'Mein Kampf hits stores in tense Germany'. BBC News.
70. ^'The annotated version of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' is a hit in Germany'. Business Insider.

Sources[edit]

• Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN978-1-56852-036-0.
• Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Further reading[edit]

Hitler[edit]

• Hitler, A. (1925). Mein Kampf, Band 1, Verlag Franz Eher Nachfahren, München. (Volume 1, publishing company Fritz Eher and descendants, Munich).
• Hitler, A. (1927). Mein Kampf, Band 2, Verlag Franz Eher Nachfahren, München. (Volume 2, after 1930 both volumes were only published in one book).
• Hitler, A. (1935). Zweites Buch (trans.) Hitler's Second Book: The Unpublished Sequel to Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler. Enigma Books. ISBN978-1-929631-61-2.
• Hitler, A. (1945). My Political Testament.Wikisource Version.
• Hitler, A. (1945). My Private Will and Testament.Wikisource Version.
• Hitler, A., et al. (1971). Unmasked: two confidential interviews with Hitler in 1931. Chatto & Windus. ISBN0-7011-1642-0.
• Hitler, A., et al. (1974). Hitler's Letters and Notes. Harper & Row. ISBN0-06-012832-1.
• Hitler, A., et al. (2008). Hitler's Table Talk. Enigma Books. ISBN978-1-929631-66-7.
• A. Hitler. Mein Kampf, Munich: Franz Eher Nachfolger, 1930
• A. Hitler, Außenpolitische Standortbestimmung nach der Reichtagswahl Juni–Juli 1928 (1929; first published as Hitlers Zweites Buch, 1961), in Hitler: Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen, Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933, Vol IIA, with an introduction by G. L. Weinberg; G. L. Weinberg, C. Hartmann and K. A. Lankheit, eds (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1995)
• Christopher Browning, Initiating the Final Solution: The Fateful Months of September–October 1941, Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, D.C.: USHMM, 2003).
• Gunnar Heinsohn, 'What Makes the Holocaust a Uniquely Unique Genocide', Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 2, no. 3 (2000): 411–430.

Others[edit]

• Barnes, James J.; Barnes, Patience P. (1980). Hitler Mein Kampf in Britain and America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jäckel, Eberhard (1972). Hitler's Weltanschauung: A Blueprint For Power. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN0-8195-4042-0.
• Hauner, Milan (1978). 'Did Hitler Want World Domination?'. Journal of Contemporary History. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 1. 13 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1177/002200947801300102. JSTOR260090.
• Hillgruber, Andreas (1981). Germany and the Two World Wars. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-35321-8.
• Littauer-Apt, Rudolf M. (1939–1940). 'The Copyright in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf''. Copyright. 5: 57 et seq.
• Michaelis, Meir (1972). 'World Power Status or World Dominion? A Survey of the Literature on Hitler's 'Plan of World Dominion' (1937–1970)'. Historical Journal. The Historical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2. 15 (2): 331–360. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00002624. JSTOR2638127.
• Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims. New York: Norton. ISBN0-393-05454-3.
• Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1960). 'Hitlers Kriegsziele'. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 8: 121–133. ISSN0042-5702.
• Zusak, Markus (2006). The Book Thief. New York: Knopf. ISBN0-375-83100-2.

External links[edit]

• A review of Mein Kampf by George Orwell, first published in March 1940
• Hitler's Mein Kampf Seen As Self-Help Guide For India's Business StudentsThe Huffington Post, 22 April 2009
• Hitler book bestseller in Turkey, BBC, 18 March 2005
• Protest at Czech Mein Kampf, BBC, 5 June 2000
• Mein Kampf a hit on Dhaka streets, BBC, 27 November 2009
• Hitler's book stirs anger in Azerbaijan, BBC, 10 December 2004
• 'Mein Kampf:' - Adolf Hitler's book, a Deutsche Welle television documentary covering the history of the book through contemporary media and interviews with experts and German citizens, narrated in English, 15 August 2019

Online versions of Mein Kampf[edit]

German[edit]

• 1936 edition (172.-173. printing) in German Fraktur script (71.4 Mb)
• German version as an audiobook, human-read (27h 17m, 741 Mb)

English[edit]

Ever since the early 1930s, the history of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf in English has been complicated and has been the occasion for controversy. No fewer than four full translations were completed before 1945, as well as a number of extracts in newspapers, pamphlets, government documents and unpublished typescripts. Not all of these had official approval from his publishers, Eher Verlag. Since the war, the 1943 Ralph Manheim translation has been the most popular published translation, though other versions have continued to circulate.

• 1Dugdale abridgement
• 2Translations
• 8External links

Dugdale abridgement[edit]

Eher Verlag took steps to secure the copyright and trademark rights to Mein Kampf in the United States in 1925 and 1927. In 1928 the literary agency Curtis Brown, Limited secured the assignment for negotiation of translation rights in the United States and Great Britain, and a German copy was picked up by their employee, Cherry Kearton.^{[citation needed]} However, the firm found it difficult to interest publishers in the 782-page book by the leader of what was then an obscure splinter party in Germany. Even after the elections of September 1930, when the Nazi Party became the second largest party in the Reichstag, publishers were cautious about investing in a translation, due to the Great Depression.^[1]

The same election inspired Blanche Dugdale to urge her husband, E. T. S. Dugdale, to write an abridgement of Mein Kampf. Dugdale began his work on this abridgement in about 1931, but he, too, was unable to find a publisher for it.^[2] In early 1933, at the time of the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, Dugdale apparently got in touch with Eher Verlag, who put him into contact with Kearton, now working for the firm of Hurst and Blackett. The latter firm was in the process of buying the translation rights from Curtis Brown for a sum of £350. Dugdale offered the abridgment to Hurst & Blackett free of charge, with the stipulation that his name not be used for the British edition.^[3] Before the book could go to press, however, Hurst and Blackett were visited by Dr. Hans Wilhelm Thost, London correspondent of the Völkischer Beobachter and an active member of the 'Nazi organization' in London.^[4] Despite Eher Verlag being satisfied with Dugdale's abridgement, Thost insisted on taking a copy to Berlin for further censoring and official sanction. The abridgement was finally published in October 1933.^[3] Titled My Struggle the book was published as the second number in the Paternoster Library.^[5]

In the United States, Houghton Mifflin secured the rights to the Dugdale abridgement on July 29, 1933.^[6] The only differences between the American and British versions are that the title was translated My Struggle in the UK and My Battle in America; and that Dugdale is credited as translator in the US edition, while the British version withheld his name.^[7] The original price was $3.00.^[8]

In January 1937, Houghton Mifflin issued a second edition, the first having sold out. The price was lowered to $2.50. The publishers replaced the old dust jacket that featured Hitler giving his salute over a black and white background with a new one that featured panels of black, red, and yellow and a quote from Dorothy Thompson. This led to an official protest by the German government, as the black-red-yellow color scheme was emblematic of the liberal German revolutions of 1848–49 and the Weimar Republic, while the Nazis had returned to the black, white, red of the Second Reich.^[7] Thomson's quote was also objected to, as she was expelled from the Reich in 1934 after writing unflattering accounts of Hitler.^[9] The affair lasted into March 1937, with Houghton Mifflin agreeing to change the yellow to white, though it is unknown if the Dorothy Thompson quote was ever removed.^[10]

Sales and royalties[edit]

The first printing was a deluxe 18 shilling book that sold out its 5,000 copies and was never reprinted. The popular edition cost 3s. 6d. and each impression was about 1,750 copies. Below is a table of available sales figures of the Dugdale abridgment in the United Kingdom. On hand means on hand at the beginning of the year. The commission was to Curtis Brown, as literary agent, and the tax was the Inland Revenue.^[11]

• In 1938, 'slightly over 8,000 were colonial sales'.^[12]

The first printing of the U.S. Dugdale edition was 7,603 copies, of which 290 were given away as complimentary gifts.The royalty on the first printing in the U.S. was 15% or $3,206.45 total. Curtis Brown, literary agent, took 20%, or $641.20 total, and the IRS took $384.75, leaving Eher Verlag $2,180.37 or RM 5,668.^[13]

The January 1937 second printing yielded gross royalties of $1,311.38. Once the commission to Curtis Brown and corporation taxes were deducted, this left $891.74 or RM2,318.52.^[14]

There were three separate printings from August 1938 to March 1939, totaling 14,000; sales totals by March 31, 1939 were 10,345. This yielded gross royalties of $3,879.38 and a new of $2,637.98 or RM6,858.74.^[14]

Translations[edit]

Murphy translation[edit]

The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda commissioned James Vincent Murphy, who had been employed to make English translations of Hitler's speeches and other items, to begin an English translation of Mein Kampf in late 1936 and it was finished by the fall of 1937.^[15] However, the Propaganda Ministry cancelled the project and sequestered all copies of the manuscript. Murphy was beginning to be seen as 'unreliable' by the government and was dismissed from his position at the Ministry. As the international situation worsened in 1938, Murphy sent his wife and children to England to live with her mother. They arrived in Southampton in June, while James finished up the rest of his commissioned translation work in Berlin and came to London in early September.^[16]

In London Murphy contacted his literary agent, Robert Somerville, and they found an interested publisher in Heinemann. However, they realized that translation rights in the United Kingdom and its dependencies already belonged to Hurst and Blackett. Furthermore, they did not have a manuscript in hand. So Murphy was convinced to return to Germany to secure both a copy of the manuscript and permission to publish it, but on the date he was scheduled fly to Berlin. he was denied an entry visa and told he would be wasting his time. Therefore, his wife, Mary, decided to make the trip, finally crossing the Channel on November 6, 1938. In Berlin she was unable to schedule any appointments with the Propaganda Ministry until November 10. This meant she was in Berlin during the infamous Kristallnacht pogrom of November 9.^[17] The next day she met with Heinrich Bohle at the Propaganda Ministry, but could not get anywhere. She pursued other contacts within the Ministry but came up empty handed. Finally, without any more money and living with her ex-house keeper, she decided to visit one of James' former secretaries whom he had employed as a typist. To her great relief, she still had one of the handwritten copies of the James Murphy translation. She left Berlin on November 20.^[18]

When I was at school (not long ago) we had nothing but MAJOR problems with the FW1. They are mostly just layer 7 proxies (ISA Server.)I used to say the same thing, until I actually sat down and did some stuff with an ISA. Dropping connections whenever it wanted to, horrible performance, and shit for vendor support. Hardware firewall vs software firewall. They're annoying because they think differently and have weird terms compared to most firewalls, but once you think like Microsoft does they can be.extremely. We moved away from it to a PIX, and firewalling hasn't been a problem since.quote:I would strongly recommend against any 'firewall' that runs on Windows.

Meanwhile, Hurst and Blackett had not yet decided whether to publish Murphy's manuscript, or any translation at all. On November 21, 1938 they received a message from Eher Verlag stating that they had not authorized Murphy to publish his edition in England, but reiterating that Hurst and Blackett would be the publisher if any edition was ever released in England.^[19] Hurst and Blackett were informed that the American translations were going to go ahead on December 31, 1938 and decided to publish Murphy's translation in January 1939, despite their ambiguous legal standing (the contract with Eher Verlag did not explicitly say they could go ahead with a full translation). Unbeknownst to them, the various principals in Berlin and the German diplomats in the US were contacting each other, trying to find out what their position was with regards to the various translations. By the time the matter was finally sent to the Reichskanzlei in February 1939, the point had been rendered moot.^[20] Murphy's translation hit the stores in the United Kingdom on March 20, 1939.^[21]

While neither Hitler nor any of the German government officials endorsed the Murphy translation, they ultimately took no action against it, and by May 1939 Eher Verlag was inquiring about possible royalties. They were told that royalties would only be paid after six months in print. However, by then war had broken out between the two countries and copyright relations severed.^[22]

Because so many records were destroyed during the war, accurate sales figures on Murphy's translation are difficult to establish. Robert Sommerfeld reported that approximately 32,000 copies were sold by August 1939. There was also an illustrated edition and a serial edition in eight parts. It has been conjectured that 150,000–200,000 copies were sold in total. Murphy, for his part, did not feel he was adequately remunerated, being paid £250 up front and £150 six months later. The publishers did not feel the need to pay him any more after they received a letter from Germany prior to publication, stating he had already been paid for his efforts when he was employed by the Propaganda Ministry.^[23]

Reynal and Hitchcock translation[edit]

After the Munich crisis in September 1938, the firm of Reynal & Hitchcock decided that it would be imperative to have an unexpurgated edition available to the public. They found that a team of scholars at the New School of Social Research were in the midst of preparing such a translation. Reynal & Hitchcock approached both this committee and Houghton Mifflin about publishing the translation under a license.^[24]

However, on December 8, 1938, Stackpole Sons Inc. announced that they would be publishing their own translation of Mein Kampf, arguing that Hitler, as a stateless person in 1925, could not have transferred his copyrights to Eher Verlag and thence to Houghton Mifflin. A conference was held at the office of Reynal & Hitchcock on December 12, 1938, with General Edward Stackpole and William Soskin, executive director of Stackpole Sons, to discuss the matter. Stackpole claimed that Reynal & Hitchcock said that if Stackpole could put the work in the public domain they would not be interested in publishing their own translation. Reynal & Hitchcock claimed to have stated that they had already been working on the project for months, had a translation in hand, backed by a committee of prominent scholars, and were in the process of negotiating the rights with Houghton Mifflin.^[25] In any event, Stackpole and Soskin took this to mean that they were allowed to carry on with their translation unperturbed until they were visited at their office by Curtice Hitchcock who informed him that they were going ahead with their translation, which was going to be under license from the exclusive copyright holder, Houghton Mifflin.^[26]

The agreement between Reynal and Hitchcock and Houghton Mifflin was finalized on February 18, 1939 and the book was available in stores on February 28. The contract stipulated that Reynal and Hitchcock would pay Houghton Mifflin 15% royalty on each $3 copy. After one year, Reynal and Hitchcock had the option of releasing a cheaper edition, and the agreement itself would expire after three years. Houghton Mifflin would print and bind the book at its Riverside Press in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was allowed to keep publishing the My Battle abridgement. Notably, Houghton Mifflin agreed to pay all the expenses for seeking a copyright injunction, and subsequent legal fees would be split between the two companies.^[27]

To counter Stackpole's claims that sales of its translation would go to the Third Reich, Reynal contacted the various boycott committees and pledged all profits above their legitimate expenses would go to a charity for refugees. However, no assets could be touched for the Reynal and Hitchcock edition, including royalties or charitable donations, until the legal issues were settled. As it happened, the legal battle did not finally end until October 25, 1941. After deducting $11,500 for legal costs, Houghton Mifflin was prepared to give $11,500 to Curtis Brown to pay to their client, Eher Verlag. Before this could be done, however, war broke out between the United States and Germany and Eher never received any royalties from this edition.^[28] Profits from the book went to a charity, Children's Crusade for Children, which helped refugees. Included in this was the initial $35,000 for administrative and promotional costs so that all money donated by children in the US would go to the child refugees.^[29]

As far as Hitler's royalties went, they were governed by the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 and put into an account assigned to the Office of Alien Property Custodian, succeeded by the United States Attorney General after the war. As of March 31, 1972 the royalties on Mein Kampf paid to the US government amounted to $92,616.59. The Attorney General also paid a corporation tax on them to the IRS.^[30] Today, the profits and proceeds are given to various charities.^[31]

The members of the New School committee that edited and translated the book were John Chamberlain, Sidney B. Fay, John Gunther, Carlton J. H. Hayes, Graham Hutton, Alvin Johnson, William L. Langer, Walter Millis, R. de Roussy de Sales, and George N. Shuster.^[32]

The book was translated from the two volumes of the first German edition (1925 and 1927), with annotations appended noting any changes made in later editions, which were deemed 'not as extensive as popularly supposed'.^[33] The translation was made with a view to readability rather than in an effort to rigidly reproduce Hitler's sometimes idiosyncratic German form.^[33] Notably, the translation marked in the text areas that had been left out of the Dugdale abridgment.^[34]

The text was heavily annotated for an American audience with biographical and historical details derived largely from German sources.^[33] As the translators deemed the book 'a propagandistic essay of a violent partisan', which 'often warps historical truth and sometimes ignores it completely', the tone of many of these annotations reflected a conscious attempt to provide 'factual information that constitutes an extensive critique of the original'.^[35]

Apart from the editorial committee there was also a 'sponsoring committee' of prominent individuals including Pearl S. Buck, Dorothy Canfield, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Ida Tarbell, Cyrus Adler, Charles A. Beard, Nicholas Murray Butler, Theodore Dreiser, Albert Einstein, Morris Ernst, Rev. Harry Emerson Fosdick, Rev. John Haynes Holmes, James M. Landis, Thomas Mann, Bishop William T. Manning, Eugene O'Neill, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Mgr. John A. Ryan, Norman Thomas, Walter White, William Allen White and Rabbi Stephen S. Wise.^[36]

Stackpole translation and controversy[edit]

The Stackpole edition was translated and printed in a hurry between December 1938 and February 1939. The translation job was left to Barrows Mussey, who requested to be anonymous.^[37] On the eve of the publication of both translations on February 28, 1939 Stackpole had invested $21,000 in the project and had an initial print run of 15,000 copies.^[38] Also on that date Houghton Mifflin's motion for a temporary injunction against Stackpole publishing their edition was denied by Judge Alfred Conkling Coxe Jr. of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Coxe reasoned that 'The Defendants Stackpole have raised questions of title and validity which are not free from doubt; the facts are in dispute; and the issues cannot properly be determined on affidavit.'^[39]

Houghton Mifflin appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and for a few months both translations were available for sale to the public. The case was heard on May 18, 1939 before Judges Learned Hand, his cousin Augustus N. Hand and Charles Edward Clark.^[40] The judges went into conference on May 24, 1939, and came down with a decision granting the injunction against Stackpole on June 9, 1939.^[41] Stackpole then appealed for delay and rehearing, based on legal technicalities because only one copy of Mein Kampf was deposited with the United States Copyright Office according to Houghton Mifflin's Bill of Complaint. After this was denied later that June, Stackpole appealed to the United States Supreme Court.^[42] Until the Supreme Court granted certiorari, Stackpole was now enjoined from selling its translation of Mein Kampf and Houghton Mifflin exercised its copyright by securing injunctions against Mein Kampf: An Unexpurgated Digest and Mein Kampf: A New Unexpurgated Translation Condensed with Critical Comments and Explanatory Notes.^[43][44]

The Supreme Court denied Stackpole's petition for a writ of certiorari (declined to hear the appeal) on October 23, 1939, Felix Frankfurter recusing himself. Stackpole then tried further appeals, this time based on the original 1933 contract between Eher Press and Houghton Mifflin. The case again went to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in May 1940, again before Learned Hand, now accompanied by Herbert B. Chase and Robert P. Patterson, who ruled in July that Houghton Mifflin did need to get authorization from Eher Verlag in order to prove their contract valid. However, Stackpole was still enjoined from selling their translation. Eher Verlag, who had not previously been involved in the case, gave a statement to a consular official in Munich in 1941, and the case was finally settled in District Court on September 4, 1941 when Houghton Mifflin was authorized to collect damages from Stackpole. $15,250 were paid by Telegraph Press, Stackpole's parent company on October 25, 1941.^[45][46]

During the short period it was in print from February 28 – June 9, 1939 Stackpole had sold 12,000 copies of its translation. No records show whether any profits were ever turned over to any charity.^[47] The translation remains a rare and valuable artifact. Worldcat lists 133 copies worldwide.^[48]

In its publicity campaign for the book, Stackpole set up a committee of prominent individuals who were to handle the funds that sales of the book would provide to refugee charities. This committee included: Harold Lasswell, Wesley C. Mitchell, George Gordon Battle, Reinhold Niebuhr, Horace Kallen, Ernest Meyer, Max Eastman, Vida Scudder, Louis Hacker, Bernson Y. Landis, Allen Heely, Milton Winternitz and Edward Smith Parons.^[49]

The case proved to set a legal precedent in US copyright law, as it established that stateless individuals would have the same copyright status as other foreigners, a point not addressed in the Copyright Act of 1909, or previous litigation.^[50][51][52]

Manheim translation[edit]

The Reynal and Hitchcock translation went out of print in 1942. No reason was given, but it was speculated that it was because Houghton Mifflin did not want to share profits with Reynal and Hitchcock, as well as a desire to produce a cheaper, less bulky version, without the elaborate notes and commentary that the Reynal and Hitchcock translation had. In 1943 Houghton Mifflin published their own edition, translated by Ralph Manheim, which they continued to publish into the 21st century.^[53][54]

The plates for the James Murphy translation having been destroyed by the Blitz, Hurst & Blackett decided to issue the Manheim translation in the United Kingdom when they decided to produce a new edition in 1965. The decision to issue a new edition at all ran into opposition from the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the West German government. Nevertheless, Hurst & Blackett still possessed the copyright for the British and Commonwealth market. The new edition was finally published in Britain in an intentionally expensive hardcover edition in 1969. A soft cover 1972 edition at £1.95 was also controversial, as it was seen as a betrayal of the original decision to keep the book from wide distribution.^[55]

Ford translation[edit]

In 2009 a new translation of the book was produced by Michael Ford.^[56]

Sterling translation[edit]

A new translation by Jack Sterling, edited by Stephen R. Pastore, was released in 2015, with the title Mein Kampf: A New Translation for American Readers.^[57]

Dalton translation[edit]

A new translation by Thomas Dalton was released in two volumes in 2017 and 2018.^[58][59]

Excerpts[edit]

In its efforts to counteract the influence of Dugdale's Mein Kampf abridgement, the American Jewish Committee drew up a mimeograph of quotations which showed that Hitler 'attacked not only the Jews but the liberal institutions that are the basis of the government of the United States and in which he glorified war and the militaristic spirit. As these were not part of the abridged edition, copies of this mimeograph were sent to book reviews across the country.'^[60][61]

The first excerpts from Mein Kampf to be published in English were selections from the Dugdale abridgement in the London Times in July 1933. These were published on July 24, 25, 27 and 28.^[62] Feeling that these extracts gave a too favorable impression on their author and his intentions, Chaim Weizmann composed a 28-page translation of selected extracts from the first German edition which he sent to the Times and to the British Foreign Office. Most of these were 'semi-obscene allegations against the Jews', but others were on foreign policy and the role of education under Nazism.^[63]

A series of pamphlets published by the Friends of Europe included four which consisted of excerpts from Mein Kampf. The first dealt with biographical information, and the other three contained quotes on race, religion and foreign policy.^[64] The latter pamphlet was originally 'extracted and translated' by Rennie Smith, however, the pamphlet's 'guiding spirit' quickly became the Duchess of Atholl.^[65] She got in touch with the Foreign Office and was given the excerpts that had been prepared by Weizmann. Further inquiries from her convinced the British foreign ministry to compose an in-house translation of some of the passages. The 11-page document, Central Germany, May 7, 1936 – Confidential- A Translation of Some of the More Important Passages of Hitler's Mein Kampf (1925 edition) was circulated among the British diplomatic corps, and a private copy was also sent to the Duchess of Atholl, who may or may not have used it in what was ultimately her translation of Mein Kampf in the Friends of Europe pamphlet.^[66]

In 1939 two further pamphlets containing excerpts from Mein Kampf were published. One of these, Mein Kampf: A New Unexpurgated Translation Condensed with Critical Comments and Explanatory Notes, was published by a start up firm based in Greenwich, Connecticut called Noram Publishing Company, which had been created for the sole purpose of publishing parts of Mein Kampf that were not available in the Dugdale abridgement. It was formed by reporter and future United States SenatorAlan Cranston and his friend Amster Spiro, a Jewish reporter with the Hearst syndicate. While dictating the translation to a number of secretaries in Manhattan, one of the transcribers who happened to be Jewish became alarmed at the contents and contacted the Anti-Defamation League, who sent Benjamin Epstein to investigate. When Epstein learned that the publication was meant to alert the American people to the danger Hitler presented, Epstein decided to collaborate with Spiro and Cranston. 'Once I realized he was really on our side..I opened our files and we worked very closely together', he was later quoted as saying.^[67][44]

This pamphlet was published in a 32-page tabloid edition with notes, maps and illustrations. The cover stated that not one cent of royalties would be paid to Hitler, and the profits would supposedly go to refugees. Cranston claimed that they sold half a million copies in 10 days at 10 cents each. However, Houghton Mifflin secured an injunction against Noram from the Federal District Court and they had to throw away their remaining stock of 500,000.^[67][68]

Finally there is Mein Kampf: An Unexpurgated Digest. Relatively little is known of this edition or its editor and translator, B. D. Shaw. He explains in his preface that he was concerned about Germany's expansionism in the late 1930s and wished to alert the public to the dangers Hitler presented, but which were not shown in the abridged edition of his book.^[69] Like the Cranston pamphlet it cost 10 cents and it had 31 pages.^[70]

Reception and readership[edit]

The British edition of the abridgement was reviewed by The Times, Times Literary Supplement, Birmingham Gazette. Birmingham Post, Daily Express, Daily Herald, Daily Mail, Daily Sketch, Daily Telegraph, Evening News, Evening Standard, Everyman, Irish Independent, Leeds Mercury, Liverpool Post, Listener, Manchester Guardian, Morning Post, New Britain, News Chronicle, Northern Echo, Nottingham Guardian, The Observer, Oxford Times, Public Opinion, Punch, Reynold's News, The Scotsman, The Spectator, Star, Sunday Dispatch, Time and Tide, Western Morning News, Yorkshire Herald and the Yorkshire Post.^[71]

Publication of the Dugdale abridgement was actively opposed by Jewish organizations in the United States. Prominent stock broker Louis Lober and others petitioned the New York City Board of Education to cease buying textbooks from Houghton Mifflin, in retaliation for publishing the book. Department store owner Louis Kirstein, industrialist Max Conn, the Chicago Israelite and lawyer Samuel Untermyer also urged that it not be published.^[72]

In the United States the book was reviewed by the New York Times twice - once on its day of publication, October 11, 1933, by John Chamberlain and two days later by former American ambassador to GermanyJames W. Gerard.^[73] Other reviews were made in the New York Herald Tribune, New York World-Telegram, Saturday Review of Literature, American Mercury, Christian Science Monitor, Baltimore Sun, Dallas Times Herald, North American Review, Chicago Daily News, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Louisville Courier-Journal, Los Angeles Times, Milwaukee Journal, Cleveland Plain-Dealer, Kansas City Star and Springfield Sunday Union and Republican.^[74] It was also reviewed in The Nation by Ludwig Lore who would go on to write the introduction for the Stackpole edition.^[75]

There is no firm evidence that Stanley Baldwin or Neville Chamberlain ever read the abridgement, but Franklin D. Roosevelt had one in his library in which was annotated: 'The White House – 1933 This translation is so expurgated as to give a wholly false view of what Hitler is and says - the German original would make a different story.'^[76] He had been sent a complimentary copy by the publishers.^[60]

It is known that Chamberlain read the above-mentioned extracts circulated in the Foreign Office by Sir Anthony Eden. When the unabridged translation was published Chamberlain immediately bought a copy and annotated it.^[77] The Murphy translation was also reviewed in The Times,The Spectator, the Daily Telegraph, The Observer, Times Literary Supplement and Evening News. Reviews were mostly positive about the translation itself, but felt that Murphy's introduction was too favorable to the author.^[78]

Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf Pdf Deutsch

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Mein Kampf Pdf Download

1. ^Barnes, James J.and Barnes, Patience P. (1980) Hitler's Mein Kampf in Britain and America: A Publishing History 1930–39 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3
2. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 3–5
3. ^ ^abBarnes and Barnes, pp. 6–7
4. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 6. Barnes and Barnes 1980 does not elaborate on what organization is meant; however, a later book by the same authors, Nazis in pre-war London, 1930-1939 : the fate and role of German party members and British sympathizers Brighton, [England] ; Portland, OR : Sussex Academic Press, 2005 elaborates that Thost was the original leader of the London Ortsgruppe of the NSDAP/AO beginning in Sept. 1931, pp.6-7; he stepped down as Ortsgruppenleiter in January 1932, but remained an active member into at least Nov. 1933 pp.10, 19
5. ^Adolf Hitler My Struggle London: The Paternoster Library title page
6. ^Lankiewicz, Donald. MEIN KAMPF in America: How Adolf Hitler Came to Be Published in the United States. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
7. ^ ^abBarnes and Barnes, p. 2
8. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 78
9. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 79
10. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 80–1
11. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 16–8, 143 n.16
12. ^Barnes and Barnes, p.17
13. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 78, 147 n. 14
14. ^ ^abBarnes and Barnes, pp. 82, 148 n. 19
15. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 53–4
16. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 56–7
17. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 58–9, 63
18. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 59–60; o Hurst and Blackett exclusive rights to publish in the United Kingdom and its dependencies p.63
19. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 60–61
20. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 61–63
21. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 64
22. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 69–71, 146 n.22
23. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 67–68
24. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 83
25. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 86–7
26. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 88
27. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 88–9
28. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 103, 105, 121
29. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 121–2
30. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 122–3
31. ^Mein Royalties Cabinet Magazine Online.
32. ^Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940 p. xii
33. ^ ^abc'Introduction,' Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940; pg. viii.
34. ^Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940; pg. vii
35. ^'Introduction' to Reynal and Hitchcock edition, pg. ix.
36. ^Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940 back dust jacket
37. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 94–7
38. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 106
39. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 105
40. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 110
41. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 110–5
42. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 115–8
43. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 119–20
44. ^ ^abHoughton Mifflin Co. v. Noram Pub. Co., 28 F. Supp. 676 (S.D.N.Y. 1939)
45. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 120–1
46. ^Holiday, Ryan. 'How Hitler Nearly Destroyed the Great American Novel'. medium.com. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
47. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 121
48. ^Mein Kampf
49. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 104
50. ^U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit, Houghton Mifflin Co. v. Stackpole Sons, Inc., et al., 104 Fed.2d 306 (1939); Note, 49 Yale L.J. 132 (1939).
51. ^'HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. v. STACKPOLE SONS, INC'.
52. ^'Kampleman US & International Copyright 1947'.
53. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 135–6
54. ^Hitler, Adolf, Ralph Manheim, and Abraham H. Foxman. 2002. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
55. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 138
56. ^Hitler, Adolf, and Michael Ford. 2009. Mein Kampf. [Camarillo, California]: Elite Minds.
57. ^Mein Kampf: A New Translation for American Readers
58. ^Mein Kampf: Vol. 1: Dual English-German Translation
59. ^Mein Kampf (Vol. 2): Dual English-German Translation
60. ^ ^abBarnes and Barnes, p. 74
61. ^American Jewish Year Book Vol. 36 (1934–1935) pp. 446–7
62. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 7, 142 n. 8
63. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 23–6 Barnes and Barnes include some passages from Weizmann's translation
64. ^Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945; Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray Atholl, Duchess of Germany's foreign policy as stated in 'Mein Kampf', 'Friends of Europe' publications #38 London : Friends of Europe, 1936 p.ii
65. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 26–7
66. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 28–32, 36–37
67. ^ ^abAnthony O. Miller Court Halted Dime Edition of 'Mein Kampf': Cranston Tells How Hitler Sued Him and Won United Press International February 14, 1988
68. ^'Houghton Miflin Suing on Behalf of Hitler and 'Mein Kampf' (1939)'. longstreet.typepad.com. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
69. ^Hitler, Adolf, and B. D. Shaw. 1939. Mein Kampf: an unexpurgated digest. New York: Political Digest Press. Introduction
70. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 119, 152 n. 15
71. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp.18, p.143 n.18 The source for this list of reviews was a memo from Hurst and Blackett to Eher Verlag dated March 25, 1936 in the Rehse collection at the Library of Congress
72. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 73–6
73. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 77, 147 n.10, n.11
74. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 77–8
75. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 133, 154 n.7
76. ^Barnes and Barnes, p. 49
77. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 47–8
78. ^Barnes and Barnes, pp. 64–5, 146 n. 17

Further reading[edit]

• Pastore, Stephen R., Andreas Stanik, and Steven M. Brewster. 2016. Adolf Hitler's Mein kampf: a descriptive bibliography. New York, New York: American Bibliographic Press, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Mein Kampf: A Collectors Guide [n.p.] Elite Minds Inc., 2010 2nd ed.
• Some plain talk about a book by Hitler., a publicity pamphlet by Stackpole

Excerpt pamphlets[edit]

• Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945; Nevinson, Henry Woodd, 1856-1941. Hitler the man , 'Friends of Europe' publications #34 London : Friends of Europe, 1936
• Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945; Katharine Marjory Stewart-Murray Atholl, Duchess of, 1874-1960. Germany's foreign policy as stated in 'Mein Kampf', 'Friends of Europe' publications #38 London : Friends of Europe, 1936
• Hitler, Adolf, 1889-1945; Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton 1887-1962. The Nazi party, the state and religion, 'Friends of Europe' publications #41 London : Friends of Europe, 1936
• Mein Kampf, an unexpurgated digest, translated with critical comments by B. D. Shaw. New York, Political Digest Press [c1939]